tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75031367107409132822024-02-08T10:55:55.762-08:00What is BotanyAnamikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10577363195609074418noreply@blogger.comBlogger9125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7503136710740913282.post-80428862555507224162008-02-14T23:44:00.000-08:002008-02-14T23:46:05.605-08:00Contents<div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle">[<a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()">hide</a>]</span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Scope_and_importance_of_botany"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Scope and importance of botany</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Human_nutrition"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Human nutrition</span></a> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Fundamental_life_processes"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fundamental life processes</span></a> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Medicine_and_materials"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Medicine and materials</span></a> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Environmental_changes"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental changes</span></a> </li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Modern_botany"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Modern botany</span></a> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Subdisciplines_of_Botany"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Subdisciplines of Botany</span></a> </li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Popular_science_style_books_on_Botany"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Popular science style books on Botany</span></a> </li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Academic_and_Scientific_books_on_Botany"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Academic and Scientific books on Botany</span></a> </li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Flora_and_other_plant_catalogs_or_databases"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Flora and other plant catalogs or databases</span></a> </li></ul></li></ul>Anamikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10577363195609074418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7503136710740913282.post-71883318640281016482008-02-13T05:39:00.000-08:002008-02-14T23:44:26.647-08:00botany related link<span style=""><b>Botany</b>.com: A complete resource for plant and gardening information, an encyclopedia of plants with detailed descriptions and tips for potting, growing, <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.<b>botany</b>.com/ - 9k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:d6VXoXbOP0kJ:www.botany.com/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.botany.com/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.botany.com/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','2','')"><b>Botany</b> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style=""><b>Botany</b> is the scientific study of plant life. As a branch of biology, it is also called plant science(s), phytology, or plant biology. <b>Botany</b> covers a wide <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<b>Botany</b> - 90k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:Io2KXWiW31YJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.botany.org/bsa/careers/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','3','')">Careers in <b>Botany</b> - Science Education and Outreach, Botanical <b>...</b></a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="">Science Careers - Science Education and Outreach, Botanical Society of America.<br /><span class="a">www.<b>botany</b>.org/bsa/careers/ - 51k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:4Sj_Dhid7RQJ:www.botany.org/bsa/careers/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.botany.org/bsa/careers/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.botany.org/bsa/careers/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g" style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.botany.org/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','4','')">Botanical Society of America - Leading Scientists and Educators <b>...</b></a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j hc"><span style="">Botanical Society of America - Leading Plant Scientists and Educators Since 1893, plant science, research, education, outreach.<br /><span class="a">www.<b>botany</b>.org/ - 49k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:Ry9dOfEFF_8J:www.botany.org/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.botany.org/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.botany.org/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','5','')">World-Wide Web Virtual Library: <b>Botany</b> / Plant Biology (Biosciences)</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="">Collection of scholarly and research links for plant biology.<br /><span class="a">www.ou.edu/cas/<b>botany</b>-micro/www-vl/ - 48k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:HK-VoONz8XwJ:www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','6','')"><b>Botany</b> Photo of the Day</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="">Thank you to Michael Charters of Calflora.net for contributing today's photograph via the <b>Botany</b> Photo of the Day submissions forum on the garden's site (in <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/ - 37k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:LDd-83UvEo0J:www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://dir.yahoo.com/Science/Biology/Botany/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','7','')"><b>Botany</b> in the Yahoo! Directory</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="">Learn about <b>botany</b> and various plant species through sites dedicated to trees, roses, orchids, wild flowers, cactuses, herbs, tropical plants, <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">dir.yahoo.com/Science/Biology/<b>Botany</b>/ - 16k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:ijQV2WY_oGoJ:dir.yahoo.com/Science/Biology/Botany/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:dir.yahoo.com/Science/Biology/Botany/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://dir.yahoo.com/Science/Biology/Botany/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.botany.net/IDB/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','8','')">Internet Directory for <b>Botany</b></a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="">The Page Lists All Pages/Sites Related to <b>Botany</b>: Plant Science, Gardens, Gardening, Forest, Biology, Plant Physiology, Plant Taxonomy, Plant Systematics, <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.<b>botany</b>.net/IDB/ - 8k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:QqP5JYdFeGgJ:www.botany.net/IDB/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=8">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.botany.net/IDB/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.botany.net/IDB/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g" style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.botany.net/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','9','')"><b>Botany</b> Net</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j hc"><span style=""><b>Botany</b> Net. Internet Directory for <b>Botany</b> · List of WWW Sites of Interest to Ecologists(mirror)<br /><span class="a">www.<b>botany</b>.net/ - 1k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:iF6dfS8N0cwJ:www.botany.net/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.botany.net/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.botany.net/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Botany/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','10','')">Google Directory - Science > Biology > <b>Botany</b></a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="">Contains more than 2500 terms relating to <b>botany</b>, gardening, horticulture and landscape architecture. Fully searchable and it is regularly updated. <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/<b>Botany</b>/ - 21k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:kDmBgpCw8WUJ:www.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Botany/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Botany/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Botany/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <h2 class="r">Searches related to:<b> botany</b></h2><table style="margin-top: 6px;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr style="font-size: 84%;"><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany+schools&revid=824367142&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=1">botany <b>schools</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany+experiments&revid=824367142&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=2">botany <b>experiments</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany+for+kids&revid=824367142&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=3">botany <b>for kids</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany+articles&revid=824367142&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=4">botany <b>articles</b></a></td><td><br /></td></tr><tr style="font-size: 84%;"><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=botany+projects&revid=824367142&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=5">botany <b>projects</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=plant+biology&revid=824367142&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=6"><b>plant biology</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=anatomy&revid=824367142&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=7"><b>anatomy</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=microbiology&revid=824367142&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=8"><b>microbiology</b></a><br /><br /></td><td><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><h2 class="r">Searches related to:<b> botany</b></h2> <table style="margin-top: 6px;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr style="font-size: 84%;"> <td style="padding: 0px 30px 6px 0px;" valign="top"><a href="/search?hl=en&q=biology&revid=1336745210&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=1"><b>biology</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td style="padding: 0px 30px 6px 0px;" valign="top"><a href="/search?hl=en&q=plant+physiology&revid=1336745210&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=2"><b>plant physiology</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td style="padding: 0px 30px 6px 0px;" valign="top"><a href="/search?hl=en&q=horticulture&revid=1336745210&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=3"><b>horticulture</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td style="padding: 0px 30px 6px 0px;" valign="top"><a href="/search?hl=en&q=photosynthesis&revid=1336745210&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=4"><b>photosynthesis</b></a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 84%;"> <td style="padding: 0px 30px 6px 0px;" valign="top"><a href="/search?hl=en&q=plants&revid=1336745210&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=5"><b>plants</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td style="padding: 0px 30px 6px 0px;" valign="top"><a href="/search?hl=en&q=morphology&revid=1336745210&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=6"><b>morphology</b></a></td> <td> </td> <td style="padding: 0px 30px 6px 0px;" valign="top"><a href="/search?hl=en&q=algae&revid=1336745210&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=7"><b>algae</b></a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/hariom/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" /><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/hariom/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.jpg" alt="" />Anamikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10577363195609074418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7503136710740913282.post-74704943747662744242008-02-13T05:26:00.001-08:002008-02-14T09:22:47.087-08:00botany related link<span style="">Learn about <b>botany</b> and various plant species through sites dedicated to trees, roses, orchids, wild flowers, cactuses, herbs, tropical plants, <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">dir.yahoo.com/Science/Biology/<b>Botany</b>/ - 16k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:ijQV2WY_oGoJ:dir.yahoo.com/Science/Biology/Botany/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=related:dir.yahoo.com/Science/Biology/Botany/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?q=botany&gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iw#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://dir.yahoo.com/Science/Biology/Botany/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.botany.net/IDB/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','8','')">Internet Directory for <b>Botany</b></a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="">The Page Lists All Pages/Sites Related to <b>Botany</b>: Plant Science, Gardens, Gardening, Forest, Biology, Plant Physiology, Plant Taxonomy, Plant Systematics, <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.<b>botany</b>.net/IDB/ - 8k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:QqP5JYdFeGgJ:www.botany.net/IDB/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=8">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=related:www.botany.net/IDB/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?q=botany&gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iw#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.botany.net/IDB/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g" style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.botany.net/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','9','')"><b>Botany</b> Net</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j hc"><span style=""><b>Botany</b> Net. Internet Directory for <b>Botany</b> · List of WWW Sites of Interest to Ecologists(mirror)<br /><span class="a">www.<b>botany</b>.net/ - 1k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:iF6dfS8N0cwJ:www.botany.net/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=related:www.botany.net/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?q=botany&gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iw#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.botany.net/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Botany/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','10','')">Google Directory - Science > Biology > <b>Botany</b></a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="">Contains more than 2500 terms relating to <b>botany</b>, gardening, horticulture and landscape architecture. Fully searchable and it is regularly updated. <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/<b>Botany</b>/ - 21k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:kDmBgpCw8WUJ:www.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Botany/+botany&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=related:www.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Botany/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?q=botany&gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iw#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.google.com/Top/Science/Biology/Botany/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <h2 class="r">Searches related to:<b> botany</b></h2><table style="margin-top: 6px;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr style="font-size: 84%;"><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=botany+schools&revid=564029902&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=1">botany <b>schools</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=botany+experiments&revid=564029902&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=2">botany <b>experiments</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=botany+for+kids&revid=564029902&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=3">botany <b>for kids</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=botany+articles&revid=564029902&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=4">botany <b>articles</b></a></td><td><br /></td></tr><tr style="font-size: 84%;"><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=botany+projects&revid=564029902&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=5">botany <b>projects</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=plant+biology&revid=564029902&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=6"><b>plant biology</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=anatomy&revid=564029902&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=7"><b>anatomy</b></a></td><td><br /></td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&ndsp=20&hl=en&q=microbiology&revid=564029902&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=8"><b>microbiology</b></a></td></tr></tbody></table>Anamikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10577363195609074418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7503136710740913282.post-25552322794911479672008-02-13T05:26:00.000-08:002008-02-13T05:37:23.093-08:00Categories<h1>Algae</h1> <hr /> <h2>October 27, 2007</h2> <h2 id="a002334"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/10/codium_fragile_subsp_tomentosoides_1.php">Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/10/codium_fragile_subsp_tomentosoides_1.php#002334"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/codium_fragile_tomentosoides-thumb.jpg" alt="Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides" height="112" width="150" /></a> </div> <p>Thank you to Courtnay H, aka <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/seaweedlady/" title="Seaweed Lady">Seaweed Lady@Flickr</a>, for sharing today's photograph (<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/seaweedlady/1384278676/in/pool-botanypotd/" title="Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides">original image</a> via <a href="http://www.flickr.com/groups/botanypotd/pool/" title="Botany Photo of the Day Flickr Group Pool">BPotD Flickr Group Pool</a>. If you love the sea and plants (like me), you certainly should view Courtnay's photographs on Flickr.</p> <p>Courtnay suggests the following link to accompany her photograph: <a href="http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=46" title="Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides"><i>Codium fragile</i> subsp. <i>tomentosoides</i></a> via <a href="http://www.algaebase.org/" title="Algaebase">Algaebase</a>. If you visit that page, the word “weed” is used (Courtnay calls this photograph “beautiful invader”); indeed, this species is listed in the Global Invasive Species Database, with a comprehensive list of common names: <a href="http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?fr=1&si=796&sts" title="Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides">dead man's fingers, green fleece, green sea fingers, oyster thief or Sputnik weed</a>. Originally from Japan, it is now found in many temperate waters worldwide, its dispersal due to “shellfish aquaculture, recreational boating, and transport on ship hulls”.</p> <p>The common name of oyster thief is due to this alga's tendency to proliferate in shellfish beds, where it can smother the shellfish with its rapid growth and colonial expansion. <a href="http://omp.gso.uri.edu/doee/biota/invasive/9.htm" title="Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides">Sputnik weed</a> is, as you might guess, a fifty year old common name from eastern North America. The introduction of this species to eastern North American waters was first observed around the same time as the launch of the Soviet Union's satellites.</p> <p class="posted"> Posted by <a href="mailto:daniel.mosquin@ubc.ca">Daniel Mosquin</a> at 12:00 AM | <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/10/codium_fragile_subsp_tomentosoides_1.php#comments">Comments (2)</a> </p> <h2>September 23, 2007</h2> <h2 id="a002279"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/09/pelvetia_canaliculata.php">Pelvetia canaliculata</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/09/pelvetia_canaliculata.php#002279"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/pelvetia_canaliculata-thumb.jpg" alt="Pelvetia canaliculata" height="99" width="150" /></a> </div> <p><em>Botany Photo of the Day will have brief written entries on weekends, holidays and my vacations from April through September. – Daniel</em></p> <p>Another nod of appreciation to Stephen B of Scotland aka <a href="http://flickr.com/photos/stephenbuchan/" title="stephenbuchan@Flickr">stephenbuchan@Flickr</a> for sharing today's photograph (<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/stephenbuchan/1192582433/in/pool-botanypotd/" title="Pelvetia canaliculata">original</a> via the <a href="http://www.flickr.com/groups/botanypotd/pool/" title="UBC BG BPotD Flickr Pool">BPotD Flickr Pool</a>). Thank you!</p> <p><a href="http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Pelvetiacanaliculata.htm" title="Pelvetia canaliculata">Channelled wrack</a> can be found in the high intertidal zone on rocky shores of Atlantic Europe (e.g., in the <a href="http://www.jncc.gov.uk/Marine/biotopes/biotope.aspx?biotope=JNCCMNCR00000637" title="Pelvetia canaliculata">United Kingdom</a>).</p> <p>Wikipedia has a tidy summary of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvetia_canaliculata" title="Pelvetia canaliculata"><i>Pelvetia canaliculata</i></a>.</p> <p class="posted"> Posted by <a href="mailto:daniel.mosquin@ubc.ca">Daniel Mosquin</a> at 12:00 AM | <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/09/pelvetia_canaliculata.php#comments">Comments (5)</a> </p> <h2>July 05, 2007</h2> <h2 id="a002172"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/07/unidentified_algae.php">Unidentified Algae</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/07/unidentified_algae.php#002172"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/unidentified_algae-thumb.jpg" alt="Unidentified Algae" height="112" width="150" /></a> </div> <p><em>Botany Photo of the Day will have brief written entries on weekends, holidays and my vacations from April through September. – Daniel</em></p> <p>Today's image is courtesy of <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/bbum/" title="bbum">bbum@Flickr</a>, aka Bill from San Jose, California (<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/bbum/11723825/in/pool-botanypotd/" title="Unidentified Algae">original</a> via <a href="http://www.flickr.com/groups/botanypotd/pool/" title="Botany Photo of the Day Flickr Group Pool">BPotD Flickr Group Pool</a>). Thank you!</p> <p>If you'd like a challenge, try identifying this species of alga (I wasn't able to do it with an hour of searching, but then again, I'm not a phycologist!).</p> <p class="posted"> Posted by <a href="mailto:daniel.mosquin@ubc.ca">Daniel Mosquin</a> at 12:00 AM | <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/07/unidentified_algae.php#comments">Comments (4)</a> </p> <h2>June 22, 2007</h2> <h2 id="a002162"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/postelsia_palmaeformis.php">Postelsia palmaeformis</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/postelsia_palmaeformis.php#002162"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/postelsia_palmaeformis-thumb.jpg" alt="Postelsia palmaeformis" height="200" width="150" /></a> </div> <p><em>Botany Photo of the Day will have brief written entries on weekends, holidays and my vacations from April through September. – Daniel</em></p> <p>Sea palms are one of the few algae covered in-depth on Wikipedia: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postelsia_palmaeformis" title="Postelsia palmaeformis"><i>Postelsia palmaeformis</i></a>. Like <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/pelvetiopsis_limitata.php" title="Pelvetiopsis limitata"><i>Pelvetiopsis limitata</i></a>, it is found from the coasts of northern Vancouver Island to the coastal waters of mid-California.</p> <p>This is the last photograph in the current series on algae. For the definitive photograph of sea palms, see this <a href="http://www.npr.org/programs/death/readings/visual/bullock2.html" title="Sea Palms">image of sea palms</a> by Wynn Bullock (one of my all-time favourites).</p> <p class="posted"> Posted by <a href="mailto:daniel.mosquin@ubc.ca">Daniel Mosquin</a> at 12:00 AM | <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/postelsia_palmaeformis.php#comments">Comments (2)</a> </p> <h2>June 21, 2007</h2> <h2 id="a002161"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/laminaria_setchellii.php">Laminaria setchellii</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/laminaria_setchellii.php#002161"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/laminaria_setchellii1-thumb.jpg" alt="Laminaria setchellii" height="99" width="150" /> <img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/laminaria_setchellii2-thumb.jpg" alt="Laminaria setchellii" height="225" width="150" /></a> </div> <p>I've mentioned in a previous BPotD entry that the waters of the northeast Pacific contain more species of kelp than anywhere else in the world. Today's photographs illustrate another member of that diverse group, <a href="http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/species.asp?SeaweedID=41" title="Laminaria setchellii">southern stiff-stiped kelp</a> (by the way, there are no search engine results for northern stiff-stiped kelp, so I think stiff-stiped kelp should suffice as a common name). Ecologically, this alga grows from the low intertidal zone on open rocky shores to complete submergence, where it can sometimes be an <a href="http://www.mbnms-simon.org/sections/kelpForest/overview.php?sec=kf" title="Kelp Forests">understory species in kelp forests</a>.</p> <p>Decew's Guide once again provides some background and references: <a href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/guide/brown55.html" title="Laminaria setchellii"><i>Laminaria setchellii</i></a>. The <a href="http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=4879" title="Laminaria setchellii">photo gallery at Algaebase</a> provides a more conventional presentation of this species, if you'd like to investigate.</p> <p class="posted"> Posted by <a href="mailto:daniel.mosquin@ubc.ca">Daniel Mosquin</a> at 12:00 AM | <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/laminaria_setchellii.php#comments">Comments (6)</a> </p> <h2>June 20, 2007</h2> <h2 id="a002159"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/ulva_intestinalis.php">Ulva intestinalis</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/ulva_intestinalis.php#002159"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/ulva_intestinalis1-thumb.jpg" alt="Ulva intestinalis" height="112" width="150" /> <img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/ulva_intestinalis2-thumb.jpg" alt="Ulva intestinalis" height="112" width="150" /> <img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/ulva_intestinalis3-thumb.jpg" alt="Ulva intestinalis" height="112" width="150" /></a> </div> <p>Today's photographs and write-up are courtesy of <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/people/justice.php" title="Douglas Justice">Douglas Justice</a>, UBC Botanical Garden's Curator of Collections. This is the second in a series of at least four BPotD entries on algae.</p> <p><i>Ulva intestinalis</i> is pictured here attached to smooth basaltic rock in brackish water on MacKenzie Beach, just north of Pacific Rim National Park. This species is a common feature of <a href="http://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=12904" title="Ulva intestinalis">tidepools around the world</a>, where it is known variously as sea hair or (more appropriately) gut weed. An annual species, local beaches are littered with their bleached, dried-up stems as temperatures fall in the autumn.</p> <p><em>Daniel adds:</em> Note that many references will have this algae under the name <i>Enteromorpha intestinalis</i> (L.) Nees, e.g., <a href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/guide/green32.html" title="Ulva intestinalis">DeCew's Guide</a>. For a long time, <i>Enteromorpha</i> was considered a distinct genus from <i>Ulva</i>, based mainly on its tubular growth form. The two genera have now been merged; see Hayden et al. 2003. <a href="http://www.biosciences.bham.ac.uk/labs/callowj/ent/Hayden_Blomster_Maggs.pdf" title="Linnaeus was right all along: Ulva and Enteromorpha are not distinct genera.">Linnaeus was right all along: <i>Ulva</i> and <i>Enteromorpha</i> are not distinct genera.</a> (PDF) <i>European Journal of Phycology</i>. 38: 277-294.</p> <p class="posted"> Posted by <a href="mailto:daniel.mosquin@ubc.ca">Daniel Mosquin</a> at 06:10 AM | <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/ulva_intestinalis.php#comments">Comments (1)</a> </p> <h2>June 19, 2007</h2> <h2 id="a002158"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/pelvetiopsis_limitata.php">Pelvetiopsis limitata</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/pelvetiopsis_limitata.php#002158"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/pelvetiopsis_limitata-thumb.jpg" alt="Pelvetiopsis limitata" height="112" width="150" /></a> </div> <p>I revisited <a href="http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/explore/parkpgs/juan_fuc/trailhd.html#botanical" title="Botanical Beach">Botanical Beach</a> on the weekend, in what I hope becomes an annual trip for me – it's one of my favourite places in the world. I found it strange that I and my companion were the only ones on the beach on early Saturday morning; I thought the attraction of seeing a zero tide, one of the lowest tides of the year here, would lure more people. More people did visit eventually, but it was perhaps an hour after the zero tide mark before we saw the first few, with numbers gradually increasing after that.</p> <p><i>Pelvetiopsis limitata</i> is distributed along the west coast of North America, from northern Vancouver Island to the mid-California coast in San Luis Obispo County. One curious morphological variation that occurs from north to south is an increase in the density of surficial hairs, such that the individuals in California are covered in fine hairs. Jennifer Skene of UC Berkeley is <a href="http://www.jenniferskene.com/Research.html" title="Pelvetiopsis limitata">researching the origin, formation and function of these hairs</a>, and whether they might have an impact upon buffering the effects of climate change.</p> <p>Decew's Guide at the Center for Phycological Documentation contains a guide page about <a href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/guide/brown67.html" title="Pelvetiopsis limitata"><i>Pelvetiopsis limitata</i></a>, including journal references associated with each of the facts (very handy). The Multi-Agency Rocky Intertidal Network has more photographs of this species in its factsheet on <a href="http://www.marine.gov/pelvetiopsis.htm" title="Pelvetiopsis limitata"><i>Pelvetiopsis limitata</i></a>.</p> <p class="posted"> Posted by <a href="mailto:daniel.mosquin@ubc.ca">Daniel Mosquin</a> at 06:03 AM | <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/06/pelvetiopsis_limitata.php#comments">Comments (6)</a> </p> <h2>October 17, 2006</h2> <h2 id="a001776"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2006/10/trentepohlia_aurea_tentative.php">Trentepohlia aurea (tentative)</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2006/10/trentepohlia_aurea_tentative.php#001776"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/trentepohlia_aurea_tentative-thumb.jpg" alt="Trentepohlia aurea" height="112" width="150" /></a> </div> <p>Another thank you to <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/brettf/" title="brettf@Flickr">brettf@Flickr</a> for sharing a macro glimpse of an organism (<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/brettf/265709436/in/pool-botanypotd/" title="Trentepohlia aurea">original image</a>). Also, a thank you to <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/johns_pics/" title="GORGEous nature@Flickr">GORGEous nature@Flickr</a> for identifying it, since I didn't know about this organism before today. A second image by Brett can be seen <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/brettf/265708572/in/pool-botanypotd/" title="Trentepohlia aurea">here</a> that gives a more distant perspective. Thank you!</p> <p>Despite its colour, <i>Trentepohlia</i> is actually a green alga. The chlorophyll pigment is masked by the presence of large amounts of β-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">carotene</a>, the same photosynthetic pigment that causes the orange colouration of most carrots.</p> <p>The appearance of <i>Trentepohlia</i> so closely resembles a lichen that it warrants a line in the <a href="http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/docs/Srs/Srs08.htm" title="Lichen Identification Keys">lichen identification keys</a> for British Columbia – a very astute decision, in my opinion.</p> <p>Read more about this alga at the University of Paisley's Biodiversity Reference page for <a href="http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Chlorophyta/Trentepohlia.html" title="Trentepohlia"><i>Trentepohlia</i></a> (includes microscopic photographs!). </p><p class="posted"> Posted by <a href="mailto:daniel.mosquin@ubc.ca">Daniel Mosquin</a> at 05:50 AM | <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2006/10/trentepohlia_aurea_tentative.php#comments">Comments (5)</a> </p> <h2>August 15, 2006</h2> <h2 id="a001682"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2006/08/halosaccion_glandiforme.php">Halosaccion glandiforme</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2006/08/halosaccion_glandiforme.php#001682"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/halosaccion_glandiforme-thumb.jpg" alt="Halosaccion glandiforme" height="112" width="150" /></a> </div> <p>I'm glad that a few photographs turned out from my weekend trip to Vancouver Island. Otherwise, I'd be even more cross at the one hour delay for one ferry (on the way there) and the four and a half hour delay on the way back. I didn't get home until 4 AM Monday morning; 4 AM was also the time I started on Sunday to reach <a href="http://www.johnharveyphoto.com/BotanicalBeach/" title="Botanical Beach">Botanical Beach</a> at low tide, the site of today's photograph.</p> <p>Sea sacs are an algae of the intertidal zone, the area between the high tide mark and the low tide mark. The narrow band of the intertidal requires its inhabitants to have developed a number of strategies or structures to survive in this harsh area; mechanical pounding of the surf, temperature and moisture fluctuations and salinity variability are just a few of the conditions requiring special adaptations.</p> <p>As noted in this <a href="http://www.racerocks.com/racerock/research/eealex/ecology_halosaccion.htm#Anchor-Introduction-35326" title="Ecology of Halosaccion glandiforme">essay on <i>Halosaccion glandiforme</i></a>, one adaptation of this alga to live in the intertidal is its gross morphology. The short, tubular shape of sea sacs helps to prevent damage from churning water. A second adaptation is the ability of sea sacs to retain water internally in the sac, moderating the extremes of temperature and moisture that would otherwise be experienced by the organism.</p> <p>More photographs of <i>Halosaccion glandiforme</i> can be seen on <a href="http://www.solpugid.com/cabiota/halosaccion_glandiforme.htm" title="Halosaccion glandiforme">California Biota</a> and <a href="http://www.seaweedsofalaska.com/species.asp?SeaweedID=77" title="Halosaccion glandiforme">Seaweeds of Alaska</a>.</p> <p class="posted"> Posted by <a href="mailto:daniel.mosquin@ubc.ca">Daniel Mosquin</a> at 12:00 AM | <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2006/08/halosaccion_glandiforme.php#comments">Comments (5)</a> </p> <h2>April 18, 2006</h2> <h2 id="a001488"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2006/04/macrocystis_pyrifera_and_ardea_alba_1.php">Macrocystis pyrifera and Ardea alba</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2006/04/macrocystis_pyrifera_and_ardea_alba_1.php#001488"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/macrocystis_pyrifera-thumb.jpg" alt="Macrocystis pyrifera and Ardea alba" height="112" width="150" /></a> </div> <p>Beds of giant kelp (<i>Macrocystis pyrifera</i>) provide a floating platform for the piscivorous (fish-eating) <a href="http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Great_Egret.html" title="Great Egret">great egret</a> in the marine waters of California's <a href="http://pt-lobos.parks.state.ca.us/index.html" title="Point Lobos State Reserve">Point Lobos State Reserve</a>. What you see from above the water as tangled mats of seaweed are the uppermost fronds of organisms which may reach heights of 60m (read more on <a href="http://www.starthrower.org/research/kelpmisc/kelp_mp.htm" title="Macrocystis pyrifera"><i>Macrocystis pyrifera</i></a>). In favourable areas, dense, underwater kelp forests form; these support a wide diversity of other organisms. For an excellent summary article on the biology of kelp forest ecosystems, see Steneck, R. <i>et al.</i> 2002. <a href="http://bio.classes.ucsc.edu/bio161/Papers/Steneck_et_al_02_%28Env_Cons%291.pdf" title="Kelp Forest Ecosystems: Biodiversity, Stability, Resilience and Future">Kelp Forest Ecosystems: Biodiversity, Stability, Resilience and Future</a>. <i>Environmental Conservation</i>. 29:436-459.</p> <p>Kelps, or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp" title="Laminariales">Order Laminariales</a>, are most diverse in the coastal waters of the temperate northeastern Pacific Ocean, with twenty species occurring from Alaska to Baja California.</p> <p>Botany resource link: <a href="http://www.bgci.org/files/Canada/english_docs/pcc_can_eng.pdf" title="Plant for the Planet: A Plant Conservation Checklist for Gardeners">Plant for the Planet: A Plant Conservation Checklist for Gardeners</a> (PDF file), a small brochure on gardening with plant conservation in mind from <a href="http://www.bgci.org/canada/" title="Botanic Gardens Conservation International - Canada">Botanic Gardens Conservation International – Canada</a>.</p> <p class="posted"> Posted by <a href="mailto:daniel.mosquin@ubc.ca">Daniel Mosquin</a> at 12:00 AM | <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2006/04/macrocystis_pyrifera_and_ardea_alba_1.php#comments">Comments (3)</a> </p> <h2>August 11, 2005</h2> <h2 id="a000998"><a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2005/08/fucus_gardneri.php">Fucus gardneri</a></h2> <div class="img-shadow"> <a href="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2005/08/fucus_gardneri.php#000998"><img src="http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/fucus_gardneri-thumb.jpg" alt="Fucus gardneri" height="112" width="150" /></a> </div> <p>A strong contender for the plant (<strong>note: see comments below - not actually a plant, but a stramenopile</strong>) with the “most common” common name, common rockweed is a brown alga typically found in the intertidal zone of rocky shorelines. It is abundant throughout the temperate waters of the Pacific Northeast, from California to Alaska.</p> <p>For more information about this <s>plant</s> stramenopile, see <a href="http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/guide/brown38.html" title="Fucus gardneri"><em>Fucus gardneri</em></a> on the Center for Phycological Documentation site for a wide array of references.</p><br /><p><span style="font-size:-1;"><b>Algae</b> are a large and diverse group of simple plant-like organisms, ranging from unicellular to multicellular forms. The largest and most complex marine <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<b>Algae</b> - 116k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:aQSQpuFd9ioJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae+algae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span> </p><div class="g" style="margin-left: 2.5em;"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','2','')">Green <b>algae</b> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j hc"><span style="font-size:-1;">The green <b>algae</b> (singular: green alga) are the large group of <b>algae</b> from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged. As such, they form a paraphyletic <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_<b>algae</b> - 35k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:lSOo_sFfUJgJ:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae+algae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_algae')">Note this</a></span></nobr><br /><a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=+site:en.wikipedia.org+algae">More results from en.wikipedia.org »</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/algae/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','3','')"><b>Algae</b> Research/ Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural <b>...</b></a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="font-size:-1;"><b>Algae</b> are photosynthetic organisms that occur in most habitats. They vary from small, single-celled forms to complex multicellular forms, such as the giant <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/<b>algae</b>/ - 7k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:WYyUW4dIh5AJ:www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/algae/+algae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/algae/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.nmnh.si.edu/botany/projects/algae/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/algae/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','4','')">The world of <b>algae</b></a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="font-size:-1;">Some people treat <b>algae</b> as a subkingdom under the Whittaker 5-kingdom system of classification. This violates all the principles of modern systematics, <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.botany.uwc.ac.za/<b>algae</b>/ - 22k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:IOq9aaJhRAIJ:www.botany.uwc.ac.za/algae/+algae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.botany.uwc.ac.za/algae/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/algae/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/algae.htm" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','5','')"><b>ALGAE</b></a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="font-size:-1;">Many of the larger <b>algae</b> are accepted as plants by most people but the absence of highly differentiated cells distinguishes them from the kingdom Plantae <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/<b>algae</b>.htm - 10k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:svsgfotD_wwJ:hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/algae.htm+algae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/algae.htm">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/algae.htm')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','6','')">Introduction to the Green <b>Algae</b></a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="font-size:-1;">The "green <b>algae</b>" is the most diverse group of <b>algae</b>, with more than 7000 species growing in a variety of habitats. The "green <b>algae</b>" is a paraphyletic <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/green<b>algae</b>/green<b>algae</b>.html - 5k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:KNKefTsGxvkJ:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html+algae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/greenalgae/greenalgae.html')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','7','')">UNH Biodiesel Group</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="font-size:-1;">Michael Briggs describes how much biodiesel would be needed to replace all petroleum transportation fuels in the United States and how <b>algae</b> could be used <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html - 62k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:NOUchCAcb2gJ:www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html+algae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alge.html')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','8','')">Harmful <b>Algae</b> : Red Tide</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="font-size:-1;">Info on toxic <b>algal</b> blooms. <b>Algae</b> species, photos, adverse impacts and human illness. US distribution maps of hazardous <b>algal</b> blooms (HAB).<br /><span class="a">www.whoi.edu/redtide/ - 14k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:Cn9pANU8V7oJ:www.whoi.edu/redtide/+algae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=8">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.whoi.edu/redtide/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://algae.sourceforge.net/" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','9','')">The <b>Algae</b> Programming Language</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="font-size:-1;">a high-level interpreted language for numerical analysis.<br /><span class="a"><b>algae</b>.sourceforge.net/ - 3k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:wpQev6aOoo4J:algae.sourceforge.net/+algae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:algae.sourceforge.net/">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://algae.sourceforge.net/')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://www.tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=52" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','10','')"><b>Algae</b>: Protists with Chloroplasts</a></h2><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="font-size:-1;">The <b>algae</b> are a polyphyletic and paraphyletic group of organisms. They are defined in differing ways, but are usually considered to be the photosynthetic <b>...</b><br /><span class="a">www.tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=52 - 29k - </span><nobr><a class="fl" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:SpVFLlUztUgJ:www.tolweb.org/notes/%3Fnote_id%3D52+algae&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10">Cached</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=related:www.tolweb.org/notes/%3Fnote_id%3D52">Similar pages</a><span class="bl"> - <a class="fl" href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&btnG=Search#" onclick="return gnb._add(this, 'http://www.tolweb.org/notes/?note_id\x3d52')">Note this</a></span></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="g"><h2 class="r"><a href="http://news.google.com/news?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&oi=news_result&resnum=11&ct=title">News results for <b>algae</b></a></h2><br /><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 10px; font-size: 63%;" align="center" valign="top" width="40"><img src="http://www.google.com/images/newspaper.gif" height="30" width="40" /></td><td style="padding-top: 3px; width: 40em;" valign="top"><span style="font-size:-1;"><a href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=204&objectid=10492211" class="l" onmousedown="return clk(this.href,'','','res','11','')">Toxic <b>algae</b> closes lake to swimmers</a> - <nobr><span class="f">14 hours ago</span></nobr><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="j"><span style="font-size:-1;">A toxic <b>algae</b> infestation has prompted a health warning for Lake Tutira, north of Napier. Hawke's Bay District Health Board said exposure to the blue-green <b>...</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-size:-1;"><nobr><span class="a">New Zealand Herald</span> - <a class="fl" href="http://news.google.com/news?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae&um=1&ie=UTF-8&ncl=1131687408&sa=X&oi=news_result&resnum=11&ct=more-results&cd=1">5 related articles »</a></nobr></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <h2 class="r">Searches related to:<b> algae</b></h2><table style="margin-top: 6px;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr style="font-size: 84%;"><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=brown+algae&revid=1392002893&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=1"><b>brown</b> algae</a></td><td> </td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae+aquarium&revid=1392002893&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=2">algae <b>aquarium</b></a></td><td> </td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=algae+facts&revid=1392002893&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=3">algae <b>facts</b></a></td><td> </td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=fungi&revid=1392002893&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=4"><b>fungi</b></a></td><td> </td></tr><tr style="font-size: 84%;"><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=protists&revid=1392002893&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=5"><b>protists</b></a></td><td> </td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=kelp&revid=1392002893&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=6"><b>kelp</b></a></td><td> </td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=protozoa&revid=1392002893&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=7"><b>protozoa</b></a></td><td> </td><td style="padding: 0pt 30px 6px 0pt;" valign="top"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?gbv=2&hl=en&q=phytoplankton&revid=1392002893&sa=X&oi=revisions_inline&resnum=0&ct=broad-revision&cd=8"><b>phytoplankton</b></a></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p>Anamikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10577363195609074418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7503136710740913282.post-31695652729929303412008-02-12T06:31:00.001-08:002008-02-12T06:39:28.366-08:00pteridology<div id="wpcontent"> <p>The <b>pteridophytes</b> are <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/vascular-plant" target="_top">vascular plants</a> (plants with <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/xylem" target="_top">xylem</a> and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/phloem" target="_top">phloem</a>) that neither <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/flower" target="_top">flower</a> nor produce <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/seed" target="_top">seeds</a>. Instead, they reproduce and disperse only via <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/spore" target="_top">spores</a>.</p> <p><a name="Pteridophyte_classification"></a></p> <h2>Pteridophyte classification</h2> <p>The pteridophytes do not form a <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/monophyly" target="_top">monophyletic group</a> but consist of several groups, the <b><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/lycopodiophyta" target="_top">Lycopodiophyta</a></b> (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts), the <b><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/equisetopsida-1" target="_top">Equisetophyta</a></b> (horsetails), the <b><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/psilotales-1" target="_top">Psilotophyta</a></b> (whisk ferns), the <b><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/ophioglossales-2" target="_top">Ophioglossophyta</a></b> (adder's tongues and grape ferns), and the <b><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/fern" target="_top">Pteridophyta</a></b> (true ferns).</p> <p>In addition to these living groups of pteridophytes are several groups now <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/extinction" target="_top">extinct</a> and known only from <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/fossil-3" target="_top">fossils</a>. These groups include the Rhyniophyta, Zosterophyllophyta, Trimerophytophyta, and the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/archaeopteris" target="_top">progymnosperms</a>.</p> <p>Modern studies of the land plants agree that all the pteridophytes share a single common ancestor. However, they are not a <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/clade" target="_top">clade</a> (monophyletic group) because the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/spermatophyte" target="_top">seed plants</a> are also descended from within this group -- probably close relatives of the progymnosperms.</p> <p><a name="Pteridophyte_sexuality"></a></p> <h2>Pteridophyte sexuality</h2> <p>These plants are generally <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/sporophyte" target="_top">sporophyte</a>-oriented; that is, the normal plant is the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/ploidy" target="_top">diploid</a> sporophyte, with the only <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/ploidy" target="_top">haploid</a> structure being the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/gametophyte" target="_top">gametophyte</a> (<a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/prothallium" target="_top">prothallium</a>) in season. This basic pattern is like that found in the seed plants but with an important exception. Unlike the seed plants, the pteridophytes have a gametophyte stage that is free-living. As a result, pteridophyte sexuality is more complicated than that of the seed plants. There are several basic categories of sexuality in pteridophytes. The terms distinguish between types of gametophyte sexuality:</p> <ul><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/monoicous" target="_top">Dioicous</a> pteridophytes produce only <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/antheridium" target="_top">antheridia</a> (male organs) or <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/archegonium" target="_top">archegonia</a> (female organ) on a single gametophyte body. </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/monoicous" target="_top">Monoicous</a> pteridophytes produce both <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/antheridium" target="_top">antheridia</a> and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/archegonium" target="_top">archegonia</a> on the same gametophyte body. <dl><dd><span class="brokenlink">Protandrous</span> pteridophytes produce the male antheridia first, and then their female argchegonia. </dd><dd><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/dichogamy" target="_top">Protogynous</a> pteridophytes produce the archegonia first, followed by the antheridia. </dd></dl></li></ul> <p>Notice that these terms are <i>not</i> the same as <b>monoecious</b> and <b>dioecious</b>, which refer to whether or not a <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/sporophyte" target="_top">sporophyte</a> plant bears one or both kinds of gametophyte. Those terms apply only to <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/spermatophyte" target="_top">seed plants</a>.</p> <p><a name="See_also"></a></p> <h2>See also</h2> <ul><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/embryophyte" target="_top">Embryophyte</a> </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/lycopodiophyta" target="_top">Lycopodiophyta</a> </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/equisetopsida-1" target="_top">Equisetophyta</a> </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/psilotales-1" target="_top">Psilotophyta</a> </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/ophioglossales-2" target="_top">Ophioglossophyta</a> </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/fern" target="_top">Pteridophyta</a> </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/dioecious-plant" target="_top">Plant sexuality</a> </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/fern" target="_top">Fern</a> </li></ul> <p><a name="References"></a></p> <h2>References</h2> <ul><li>Gifford, Ernest M. & Foster, Adriance S. (1988). <i>Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants</i>, (3rd ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-1946-0. </li><li>Raven, Peter H., Evert, Ray F., & Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). <i>Biology of Plants</i> (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2. </li></ul></div><br /><p class="copyright">This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see <a href="/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fWikipedia%3aGeneral_disclaimer">full disclaimer</a>) </p> <div id="wikiDonate"><!-- <p class="wikiFooterLeft"><a href="">Edit this Wikipedia entry</a></p> --><!-- <p style="float:right; margin:0px 5px 0px 0px; padding:0px;"><a href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Fundraising" target="_blank" style="color:black; font-size:12px;">Donate to Wikimedia</a></p> --> <p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; float: left;"><a style="font-size: 12px; color: black;" href="/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Fundraising" target="_blank"><br /></a></p></div>Anamikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10577363195609074418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7503136710740913282.post-85112992753593715702008-02-12T06:31:00.000-08:002008-02-12T06:34:35.385-08:00bryologybryology is the branch of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/botany" target="_top">botany</a> concerned with the scientific study of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/bryophyte" target="_top">bryophytes</a> (<a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/moss-2" target="_top">mosses</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/liverwort" target="_top">liverworts</a>, and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="/topic/hornwort" target="_top">hornworts</a>).Anamikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10577363195609074418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7503136710740913282.post-87478321027055081602008-02-12T06:28:00.000-08:002008-02-12T06:31:07.208-08:00related topic<span style="font-family:verdana;">bryophyta</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;">pteridiphyta</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;">angiosperm</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;">gymnosperm</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;">algae</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;">fungi</span><br /><span style="font-family:verdana;">cell</span>Anamikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10577363195609074418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7503136710740913282.post-73791654550230999972008-02-12T05:27:00.001-08:002008-02-12T06:25:32.876-08:00Botany study<div id="h_ads0" style="display: none;"> </div> <p class="shw" style="font-weight: bolder; font-size: 15px;">Classification</p> <p>Linnaeus's classification system greatly influenced eighteenth-century botany in America. Some of his students came over to categorize the species of the New World, most significantly Pehr Kalm, who traveled through the Great Lakes, the Mid-Atlantic colonies, and Canada, bringing back samples. Meanwhile, colonial settlers like John Bartram (1699–1777), Cadwallader Colden (1688–1776), Humphry Marshall (1722–1801), and others worked to incorporate the local flora into the work of Linnaeus, which provided a new sense of order for those working on studying the plants and animals of the overwhelmingly diverse and novel New World.</p> <p>But although the Linnaean system was helpful, it could not survive the strain of the thousands of new discoveries in the Americas and Asia. Plant classifications based on reproduction resulted in categories that contained obviously widely diverging plants. In particular, Linnaeus was challenged by French botanists who emphasized grouping plants by shape (morphology). Antoine Laurent de Jussieu's (1748–1836) 1789 <i>Genera Plantarum</i> prompted the reorganizing of classification by appearance and added levels to the <a class="alnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/taxonomy" target="_top" name="&lid=ALINK">taxonomy</a>.</p> <p>The Jussieu modifications quickly, but not uncontroversially, became added to botanical literature, although the Linnaean system continued to be used in many prominent American publications through the early nineteenth century. Meanwhile, French botanists made other contributions to the study of North American plants. André Michaux (1746–1802) and his son, François André (1770–1855), traveled through much of eastern North America, from Canada to the Bahamas, observing and collecting. The end result of their massive researches was the 1803 <i>Flora Boreali-Americana,</i> the first large-scale compilation of North American plants. The work of the Michaux drew, not uncritically, on the reforms of Jussieu.</p><br /><div class="DsAndEntryName"><span class="hw">Botany</span> </div> <div id="wpcontent"> <dl><dd><i>For other meanings, see <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/botany-disambiguation" target="_top">Botany (disambiguation)</a></i> </dd></dl> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImage%3A504px-Pinguiculagrandiflora1web.jpg" target="GuruWnd"><img alt="Pinguicula grandiflora commonly known as a Butterwort" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/d/db/250px-504px-Pinguiculagrandiflora1web.jpg" height="298" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImage%3A504px-Pinguiculagrandiflora1web.jpg" target="GuruWnd"><img alt="Enlarge" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/style/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" width="15" /></a></div><i><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/pinguicula-grandiflora" target="_top">Pinguicula grandiflora</a></i> commonly known as a <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/pinguicula" target="_top">Butterwort</a></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 252px;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/stem-cross-section-jpg" target="_top"><img alt="Example of a cross section of a stem [1]" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/b/b4/250px-Stem-cross-section.jpg" height="270" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/stem-cross-section-jpg" target="_top"><img alt="Enlarge" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/style/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" width="15" /></a></div>Example of a cross section of a stem <sup class="reference" id="wp-_ref-0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7503136710740913282&postID=7379165455023099997#wp-_note-0">[1]</a></sup></div></div></div> <p><b>Botany</b> is the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/scientific-method-8" target="_top">scientific study</a> of plant <deadilnk entry_key="Life (UK TV series)">life</deadilnk>. As a branch of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/biology-3" target="_top">biology</a>, it is also called <b>plant science(s)</b>, <b>phytology</b>, or <b>plant biology</b>. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plant" target="_top">plants</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/alga" target="_top">algae</a>, and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/fungus" target="_top">fungi</a> including: <deadilnk entry_key="Plant anatomy">structure</deadilnk>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/cell-growth" target="_top">growth</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/reproduction-4" target="_top">reproduction</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/metabolism-19" target="_top">metabolism</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/morphogenesis" target="_top">development</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/phytopathology" target="_top">diseases</a>, and chemical properties and evolutionary relationships between the different groups. The study of plants and botany began with tribal lore, used to identify edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making botany one of the oldest sciences. From this ancient interest in plants, the scope of botany has increased to include the study of over 550,000 kinds or species of living organisms.</p> <p><a name="Scope_and_importance_of_botany"></a></p> <h2>Scope and importance of botany</h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width: 252px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImage%3ABeli-hibiskus.jpg" target="GuruWnd"><img alt="Hibiscus" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/bc/250px-Beli-hibiskus.jpg" height="188" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImage%3ABeli-hibiskus.jpg" target="GuruWnd"><img alt="Enlarge" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/style/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" width="15" /></a></div><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/hibiscus" target="_top">Hibiscus</a></div></div></div> <p>As with other life forms in biology, plant life can be studied from different perspectives, from the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/molecular-biology" target="_top">molecular</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/genetics" target="_top">genetic</a> and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/biochemistry" target="_top">biochemical</a> level through <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/organelle" target="_top">organelles</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/list-of-topics-in-cell-biology" target="_top">cells</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/tissue-biology" target="_top">tissues</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/organ" target="_top">organs</a>, individuals, plant <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/population" target="_top">populations</a>, and communities of plants. At each of these levels a botanist might be concerned with the classification (<a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/taxonomy" target="_top">taxonomy</a>), structure (<deadilnk entry_key="Plant anatomy">anatomy</deadilnk> and <deadilnk entry_key="Plant morphology">morphology</deadilnk>), or function (<a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plant-physiology" target="_top">physiology</a>) of plant life.</p> <p>Historically, botany covers all organisms that were not considered to be <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/animal-def-leppard-song" target="_top">animals</a>. Some of these "plant-like" organisms include <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/fungus" target="_top">fungi</a> (studied in <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/mycology" target="_top">mycology</a>), <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/bacteria" target="_top">bacteria</a> and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/virus-1999-film" target="_top">viruses</a> (studied in <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/microbiology" target="_top">microbiology</a>), and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/alga" target="_top">algae</a> (studied in <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/phycology" target="_top">phycology</a>). Most algae, fungi, and microbes are no longer considered to be in the plant kingdom. However, attention is still given to them by botanists, and bacteria, fungi, and algae are usually covered in introductory botany courses.</p> <p>The study of plants has importance for a number of reasons. Plants are a fundamental part of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/organism" target="_top">life on Earth</a>. They generate the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/oxygen" target="_top">oxygen</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/food" target="_top">food</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/fiber" target="_top">fibres</a>, fuel and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/medicine-1" target="_top">medicine</a> that allow higher life forms to exist. Plants also absorb <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/carbon-dioxide" target="_top">carbon dioxide</a> through <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/photosynthesis" target="_top">photosynthesis</a>, a minor <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/greenhouse-gas" target="_top">greenhouse gas</a> that in large amounts can effect global climate. It is believed that the evolution of plants has changed the global atmosphere of the earth early in the earth's history and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/paleobotany" target="_top">paleobotanists</a> study ancient plants in the fossil record. A good understanding of plants is crucial to the future of human societies as it allows us to:</p> <ul><li>Produce food to feed an expanding population </li><li>Understand fundamental life processes </li><li>Produce medicine and materials to treat diseases and other ailments </li><li>Understand environmental changes more clearly </li></ul> <p><a name="Human_nutrition"></a></p> <h3>Human nutrition</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 182px;"><deadilnk entry_key="US long grain rice.jpg" ds_id="2751"><img alt="Nearly all the food we eat comes (directly and indirectly) from plants like this American long grain rice." src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/0/0c/180px-US_long_grain_rice.jpg" height="225" width="180" /></deadilnk> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><deadilnk entry_key="US long grain rice.jpg" ds_id="2751"><img alt="Enlarge" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/style/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" width="15" /></deadilnk></div>Nearly all the food we eat comes (directly and indirectly) from plants like this American long grain <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/rice" target="_top">rice</a>.</div></div></div> <p>Virtually all foods eaten come from plants, either directly from <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/staple-food" target="_top">staple foods</a> and other <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/fruit" target="_top">fruit</a> and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/vegetable" target="_top">vegetables</a>, or indirectly through <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/livestock" target="_top">livestock</a> or other animals, which rely on plants for their nutrition. Plants are the fundamental base of nearly all <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/food-chain" target="_top">food chains</a> because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere and convert them into a form that can be consumed and utilized by animals, this is what ecologists call the first <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/trophic-dynamics" target="_top">trophic level</a>. Botanists also study how plants produce food we can eat and how to increase yields and therefore their work is important in mankind's ability to <i>feed the world</i> and provide <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/food-security" target="_top">food security</a> for future generations, for example through <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plant-improvement" target="_top">plant breeding</a>. Botanists also study <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/weed" target="_top">weeds</a>, plants which are considered to be a nuisance in a particular location. Weeds are a considerable problem in <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/agriculture" target="_top">agriculture</a>, and botany provides some of the basic science used to understand how to minimize 'weed' impact in agriculture and native ecosystems. Ethnobotany is the study of the relationships between plants and people.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div style="width: 155px;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/mendel-png-1" target="_top"><img alt="Gregor Mendel laid the foundations of modern genetics from his studies of plants." src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/7/76/Mendel.png" height="204" width="153" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/gregor-mendel" target="_top">Gregor Mendel</a> laid the foundations of modern genetics from his studies of plants.</div></div></div> <p><a name="Fundamental_life_processes"></a></p> <h3>Fundamental life processes</h3> <p>Plants are convenient organisms in which fundamental life processes (like <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/cell-division" target="_top">cell division</a> and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/protein-synthesis" target="_top">protein synthesis</a> for example) can be studied, without the ethical dilemmas of studying animals or humans. The <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/mendelian-inheritance" target="_top">genetic laws of inheritance</a> were discovered in this way by <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/gregor-mendel" target="_top">Gregor Mendel</a>, who was studying the way <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/pea" target="_top">pea</a> shape is inherited. What Mendel learned from studying plants has had far reaching benefits outside of botany. Additionally, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/barbara-mcclintock" target="_top">Barbara McClintock</a> discovered '<a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/transposon-1" target="_top">jumping genes'</a> by studying <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/maize" target="_top">maize</a>. These are a few examples that demonstrate how botanical research has an ongoing relevance to the understanding of fundamental biological processes.</p> <p><a name="Medicine_and_materials"></a></p> <h3>Medicine and materials</h3> <p>Many <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/medication" target="_top">medicinal</a> and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/recreational-drug-use" target="_top">recreational drugs</a>, like <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/cannabis" target="_top">cannabis</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/caffeine" target="_top">caffeine</a>, and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/nicotine" target="_top">nicotine</a> come directly from the plant kingdom. Others are simple <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/derivative-chemistry" target="_top">derivatives</a> of botanical natural products; for example <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/aspirin-1" target="_top">aspirin</a> is based on the pain killer <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/salicylic-acid" target="_top">salicylic acid</a> which originally came from the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/bark" target="_top">bark</a> of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/willow" target="_top">willow</a> trees.<sup class="reference" id="wp-_ref-JMannSecondaryMetabolism_0"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7503136710740913282&postID=7379165455023099997#wp-_note-JMannSecondaryMetabolism">[2]</a></sup> There may be many <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/drug-discovery" target="_top">novel cures for diseases</a> provided by plants, waiting to be discovered. Popular <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/stimulant" target="_top">stimulants</a> like <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/coffee" target="_top">coffee</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/chocolate-kylie-minogue-song" target="_top">chocolate</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/tobacco" target="_top">tobacco</a>, and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/tea-1" target="_top">tea</a> also come from plants. Most <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/liquid-courage" target="_top">alcoholic beverages</a> come from <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/fermentation-food" target="_top">fermenting</a> plants such as <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/barley" target="_top">barley</a> malt and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/grape" target="_top">grapes</a>.</p> <p>Plants also provide us with many natural materials, such as <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/cotton" target="_top">cotton</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/wood-3" target="_top">wood</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/paper-krayzie-bone-song" target="_top">paper</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/linen" target="_top">linen</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/vegetable-fats-and-oils" target="_top">vegetable oils</a>, some types of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/rope" target="_top">rope</a>, and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/rubber" target="_top">rubber</a>. The production of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/silk" target="_top">silk</a> would not be possible without the cultivation of the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/mulberry" target="_top">mulberry</a> plant. <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/sugarcane" target="_top">Sugarcane</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/rapeseed" target="_top">rapeseed</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/soybean" target="_top">soy</a> and other plants with a highly-fermentable sugar or oil content have recently been put to use as sources of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/biofuel" target="_top">biofuels</a>, which are important alternatives to <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/fossil-fuel-6" target="_top">fossil fuels</a>, see <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/biodiesel" target="_top">biodiesel</a>.</p><br /><h3>Modern botany</h3> <p>A considerable amount of new knowledge today is being generated from studying <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/model-organism" target="_top">model plants</a> like <i><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/arabidopsis-thaliana-1" target="_top">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i>. This weedy species in the mustard family was one of the first plants to have its <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/genome" target="_top">genome</a> sequenced. The sequencing of the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/rice" target="_top">rice</a> (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) genome and a large international research community have made <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/rice" target="_top">rice</a> the de facto <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/cereal-3" target="_top">cereal</a>/<a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/grass" target="_top">grass</a>/<a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/monocotyledon" target="_top">monocot</a> model. Another grass species, <i><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/brachypodium-distachyon" target="_top">Brachypodium distachyon</a></i> is also emerging as an experimental model for understanding the genetic, cellular and molecular biology of temperate grasses. Other commercially-important staple foods like <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/wheat" target="_top">wheat</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/maize" target="_top">maize</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/barley" target="_top">barley</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/rye-1" target="_top">rye</a>, <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/pearl-millet" target="_top">pearl millet</a> and <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/soybean" target="_top">soybean</a> are also having their genomes sequenced. Some of these are challenging to sequence because they have more than two <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/ploidy" target="_top">haploid</a> (n) sets of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/chromosome" target="_top">chromosomes</a>, a condition known as <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/polyploid" target="_top">polyploidy</a>, common in the plant kingdom. <i><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/chlamydomonas-reinhardtii" target="_top">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</a></i> (a single-celled, green <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/alga" target="_top">alga</a>) is another plant model organism that has been extensively studied and provided important insights into cell biology.</p> <p>In 1998 the <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/angiosperm-phylogeny-group" target="_top">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> published a <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/phylogenetics" target="_top">phylogeny</a> of flowering plants based on an analysis of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/dna" target="_top">DNA</a> sequences from most families of flowering plants. As a result of this work, major questions such as which families represent the earliest branches in the genealogy of <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/flowering-plant" target="_top">angiosperms</a> are now understood. Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants.</p> <p><a name="Subdisciplines_of_Botany"></a></p> <h3>Subdisciplines of Botany</h3> <ul><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/agronomy" target="_top">Agronomy</a>—Application of plant science to crop production </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/bryology-1" target="_top">Bryology</a>—Mosses, liverworts, and hornwarts </li><li><span class="brokenlink">Economic botany</span>—The place of plants in economics </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/ethnobotany" target="_top">Ethnobotany</a>—Relationship between humans and plants </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/forestry" target="_top">Forestry</a>—Forest management and related studies </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/horticulture" target="_top">Horticulture</a>—Cultivated plants </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/paleobotany" target="_top">Paleobotany</a>—Fossil plants </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/palynology" target="_top">Palynology</a>—Pollen and spores </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/phycology" target="_top">Phycology</a> - Algae </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/phytochemistry" target="_top">Phytochemistry</a>—Plant secondary chemistry and chemical processes </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/phytopathology" target="_top">Phytopathology</a>—Plant diseases </li><li><deadilnk entry_key="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</deadilnk>—Cell and tissue structure </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/ecology-1" target="_top">Plant ecology</a>—Role of plants in the environment </li><li>Plant genetics—Genetic inheritance in plants </li><li><deadilnk entry_key="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</deadilnk>—Structure and life cycles </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plant-physiology" target="_top">Plant physiology</a>—Life functions of plants </li><li><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plant-taxonomy" target="_top">Plant systematics</a>—Classification and naming of plants </li></ul> <p><a name="See_also"></a></p> <h2>See also</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://www.answers.com/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImage%3AH%2520J%2520N%2520Crantz%2520Classis%2520cruciformium.jpg" target="GuruWnd"><img alt="Crantz's Classis cruciformium..., 1769" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/bf/180px-H_J_N_Crantz_Classis_cruciformium.jpg" height="295" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:H%20J%20N%20Crantz%20Classis%20cruciformium.jpg" target="GuruWnd"><img alt="Enlarge" src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/style/images/magnify-clip.png" height="11" width="15" /></a></div><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/heinrich-johann-nepomuk-von-crantz" target="_top">Crantz</a>'s <i>Classis cruciformium...</i>, 1769</div></div></div><table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin: auto; background: white none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;"><tbody> <tr> <th style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><span style="font-size:110;"><strong class="selflink">Botany</strong></span></th></tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Subdisciplines of botany</th> <td style="font-size: 95%; width: 100%; text-align: left;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/ethnobotany" target="_top">Ethnobotany</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/paleobotany" target="_top">Paleobotany</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <deadilnk entry_key="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</deadilnk><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/ecology-1" target="_top">Plant ecology</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <deadilnk entry_key="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</deadilnk><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plant-physiology" target="_top">Plant physiology</a></td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plant" target="_top">Plants</a></th> <td style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 95%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: 100%; text-align: left;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/evolutionary-history-of-plants" target="_top">Evolutionary history of plants</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/alga" target="_top">Algae</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/bryophyte" target="_top">Bryophyte</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/fern" target="_top">Pteridophyte</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/gymnosperm" target="_top">Gymnosperm</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/flowering-plant" target="_top">Angiosperm</a></td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Plant parts</th> <td style="font-size: 95%; width: 100%; text-align: left;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/flower" target="_top">Flower</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/fruit" target="_top">Fruit</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/leaf" target="_top">Leaf</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/meristem" target="_top">Meristem</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/root" target="_top">Root</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plant-stem" target="_top">Stem</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/stoma" target="_top">Stoma</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/vascular-tissue" target="_top">Vascular tissue</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/wood-3" target="_top">Wood</a></td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plant-cell" target="_top">Plant cells</a></th> <td style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 95%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: 100%; text-align: left;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/cell-wall" target="_top">Cell wall</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/chlorophyll" target="_top">Chlorophyll</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/chloroplast" target="_top">Chloroplast</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/photosynthesis" target="_top">Photosynthesis</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <deadilnk entry_key="Plant hormone">Plant hormone</deadilnk><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plastid" target="_top">Plastid</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/transpiration" target="_top">Transpiration</a></td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/alternation-of-generations-4" target="_top">Plant life cycles</a></th> <td style="font-size: 95%; width: 100%; text-align: left;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/gametophyte" target="_top">Gametophyte</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/dioecious-plant" target="_top">Plant sexuality</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/pollen" target="_top">Pollen</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/pollination" target="_top">Pollination</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/seed" target="_top">Seed</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/spore" target="_top">Spore</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/sporophyte" target="_top">Sporophyte</a></td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: rgb(221, 221, 255) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/plant-taxonomy" target="_top">Plant taxonomy</a></th> <td style="background: rgb(247, 247, 247) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; font-size: 95%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; width: 100%; text-align: left;"><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/botanical-name" target="_top">Botanical name</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/botanical-nomenclature" target="_top">Botanical nomenclature</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/herbarium" target="_top">Herbarium</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/international-association-for-plant-taxonomy" target="_top">IAPT</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/international-code-of-botanical-nomenclature" target="_top">ICBN</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> ·</span> <i><a class="ilnk" onclick="assignParam('navinfo','method|4'+getLinkTextForCookie(this));" href="http://www.blogger.com/topic/species-plantarum" target="_top">Species </a></i></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p></div><p><br /></p><!-- took out dontStickTabs="true"--><script> <!-- function playIt(sUrl) { document.getElementById('sPron').innerHTML='<embed src="' + sUrl + '" hidden="true" autostart="true" loop="false" type="audio/mpeg"></embed>'; } // --></script> <p></p><p></p><p> </p>Anamikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10577363195609074418noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7503136710740913282.post-2500758664307065382008-02-12T05:27:00.000-08:002008-02-19T03:17:11.216-08:00question about botany<h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 6px;">What is botany?</h1>Botany is the study of all plant kingdom with plant life.<br /><br /><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 6px;">Difference between plant cell and animal cell?</h1><br /><p> There is many differences are plant cell and animal cell </p><p>1)cell membrane found in plant cell but not found in animal cell. </p><p>2)Plastid and found in plant cell but not found in animal cell. </p><p>3)centrosome not find in plant cell but find in animal cell. </p><p>4)Vacoules presence large size in plant cell but small size in animal size. </p><br /><br /><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 6px;">Branches of botany are?</h1><br /><p>Branches of Botany </p><p>1)Cryptogamus 2)Phanerogamus </p><p>1)Cryptogamus devided by three type 2)Phanerogamus devided by two part </p><p>1)Thalophyta 1)Gymnosperm </p><p>2)Bryophyta 2)Angisperm </p><p>3)Pteridophyta </p><p>Thalophyta devided by three type Angiosperm devided by two part </p><p>1)Algae 1)Monocot </p><p>2)Fungi 2)Dicot </p><p>3)Bacteria</p><br /><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 6px;">Where does the word Botany come from?</h1>Botany word come from greek word Boskein. Boskein means "grazing".<br /><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 6px;">Who discovered the vacuole?</h1><br />Itis said that anton Van leeuwenhoke Discovered it<br /><br /><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 6px;">What is cellular respiration?</h1>production of ATP includes cellular respiration<br /><br /><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 6px;">What are the 3 main microbes?</h1><br />There is: Medical disciplines. Agricultural and soil microbiology. Marine biology and diverse environmental interactions of microbes to name a few.<br /><br /><h1 style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 10px 6px;">How are DNA and RNA different?</h1><br />Wrong! Both plants and animals have DNA and RNA. RNA is a single stranded molecule while DNA is double stranded. Both contain 4 different base pairs, 3 of which are the same for both RNA and DNA; Guanine, Adenine and Cytosine. Thymine, the 4th base pair found in DNA is replaced by Uracil in RNA.<br /><br /><table style="width: 533px; height: 3096px;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />C.S.E. BOT ANY (MAIN) BOT ANY - 2005<br />PAPER - I<br />Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 300<br />Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any THREE<br />of the remaining questions selecting at least ONE question from each Section.<br />Provide diagrams in the answer books, wherever necessary.<br />SECTION-A<br />1. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each) : 20x3=60<br />(a) Differentiate between conjugation and transduction in Bacteria.<br />(b) Give an account of algae in food industry.<br />(c) Write in short about mycotoxins.<br />(d) Write about Bryophytes as indicators of mineral enrichment.<br />2. Write about the following: 20x3=60<br />(a) Range of thallus organization in Marchantiales.<br />(b) Evolution of seed habit in Pteridophytes.<br />(c) Characteristic features of Pythium.<br />3. Answer the following: 20x3=60<br />(a) Write a critical note on male gametophyte of Selaginella.<br />(b) Write a critical note on somatic hybrid and cybrid.<br />(c) Draw well labeled diagram of V.T.s. thallus of Anthoceros passing through<br />Androecia (no description).<br />4. Write Notes on : 20x3=60<br />(a) Monoecious coenobium of Volvox.<br />(b) Description of, conidia formation in Aspergillus.<br />(c) Protoplast culture.<br />SECTION B<br />5. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each): 20 x 3 = 60<br />(a) Give the salient features of Cycadales.<br />(b) Explain secondary growth in dicotyledonous stem.<br />(c) Explain pollination in Cycas.<br />(d) Give a short account of any two plant fibres.<br />6. How will you distinguish between the following pairs of families on the basis of<br />important floral characters?<br />(a) Malvaceae and Brassicaceae 30<br />(b) Leguminosae and Solanaceae 30<br />7. Give an account of the pollen grain formation in dicots and monocots. 60<br />8. Write in short on the following: 20x3=60<br />(a) Give in short an account of five pulse yielding crops.<br />(b) Differentiate between manoxylic and pycnoxylic wood, giving examples.<br />(c) Give the classification of angiosperms as proposed by Hutchinson. Discuss its<br />merits and demerits.<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />PAPER - II - 2005<br />Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 300<br />Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any THREE<br />of the remaining questions selecting at least ONE question from each Section.<br />Provide diagrams in the answer books, wherever necessary.<br />SECTION-A<br />1. Write notes on any THREE of the following in about 200 words each: 20x3=60<br />(a) Polytene Chromosome<br />(b) Signal Transduction<br />(c) Transgenic plants .<br />(d) Standard deviation.<br />2. Describe in detail the ultrastructure of Golgi Complex and its function in<br />membrane trafficking. 60<br />3. (a) Describe properties of Genetic Code.<br />(b) Describe the role of RNA in origin and evolution. 60<br />4. Define hybrid vigour. Describe anyone method of hybridization for crop<br />improvement. 60<br />SECTION B<br />5. Write notes on any THREE of the following in about 200 words each: 20x3 = 60<br />(a) Non-cyclic photophosphorylation<br />(b) Nitrogenases<br />(c) Fruit-ripening<br />(d) Afforestation<br />6. Define auxins. Describe their physiological response in plants. 60<br />7. Define biogeochemical cycles. Describe N-cycle. 60http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />C.S.E. (MAIN) BOTANY<br />PAPER - I - 2004<br />Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 300<br />Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory and any three of<br />the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. Provide<br />diagrams in the answer books, wherever necessary.<br />SECTION A<br />1. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each) : 20x3=60<br />(a) Differentiate between bacteria and cyanobacteria. (b)Give an account of algae<br />in industry.<br />(c) Discuss the sequential steps involved in host pathogen interaction.<br />(d) Mention the indirect uses of Bryophytes.<br />2. Write about the following: 20x3=60<br />(a) Differentiate between homospory and heterospory.<br />(b) Give an account of Rhynia.<br />(c) Describe in detail the types of Ascocarps (Fruit bodies) in Ascomycotina and<br />how they help in classification.<br />3. Write critical notes on the following: 20 x 3=60<br />(a) Sporocarp of Marsilea.<br />(b) Tissue culture and its importance<br />(c) Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes<br />4. Write short notes on the following: 30 x 2=60<br />(a) Mention the causal organism, symptoms and control measures of bacterial<br />blight in paddy, sandal spike and leaf spot in groundnut.<br />(b) Give the role of bacteria in fermentation and mention the products.<br />SECTION B<br />5. Answer any three of the following (in not more than 200 words each): 20x3=60<br />(a) Give the salient features of Cordaitales.<br />(b) Explain the secondary growth fn Pinus stem.<br />(c) Explain the Tunica Corpus theory.<br />(d) Give an account of plant gums.<br />6. Write about the following: 30 x 2 =60<br />(a) Give an account of pollen grain morphology and application of palynology.<br />(b) Discuss the role of chemotaxonomy and numerical taxonomy in systematics<br />of Angiosperms.<br />7. Write critical notes on the following: 20x 3=60<br />(a) Floral structure and primitive characters of Magnoliaceae.<br />(b) Floral structure and floral formula of Poaceae.<br />(c) Differentiate between the pollinia of Asclepiadaceae and Orchidaceae.<br />8. Write short notes on the following: 20 x 3=60<br />(a) Give an account of beverage yielding plants.<br />(b) Differentiate between xylem and phloem.<br />(c) Give the salient features of Bentham and Hooker's system of classification.<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />PAPER - II - 2004<br />Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks: 300<br />Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory and any three of<br />the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section. Provide<br />diagrams in the answer books, wherever necessary.<br />SECTION A<br />1. Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each: 20x3=60<br />(a) Meiosis<br />(b) Sex-linked inheritance<br />(c) Mass selection<br />(d) X2-test (Chi-squre test)<br />2. Describe in detail the structure and functions of mitochondria. 60<br />3. Discuss the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. 60<br />4. (a) Describe the back-cross method of breeding in crop varieties. 30<br />(b) Describe in detail the various uses of back-cross method of breeding and its<br />limitations. 30<br />SECTION B<br />5. Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each: 20 x 3=60<br />(a) Photoperiodism<br />(b) Seed dormancy<br />(c) Social forestry<br />(d) Pollution control<br />6. Describe the principle categories of enzymes involved in respiratory reactions. 60<br />7. (a) What do you understand by mineral nutrition of crop plants? 20<br />(b) Describe the role of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash on plant growth. 40<br />8. (a) What do you understand by conservation of biodiversity? 20<br />(b) How is biodiversity conserved? 40<br />8. (a) What do you know about Social Forestry?<br />(b) How would you measure the level of Air-Pollution? 60<br /><br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />C.S.E BOTANY - 2005<br />(PRELIMINARY)<br />Time Allowed: 2 hours Maximum Marks: 300<br />1. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites known as<br />(a) Telomeric sequences (b) Palindromic sequences<br />(c) Terminator sequences (d) Attenuator sequences<br />2. Calcium dependent kinases can control<br />(a) Cell cycle activities (b) DNA replication<br />(c) Cell surface receptors (d) Mambrane structure<br />3. The proteins that reproduce within the living cells are termed as<br />(a) Plasmids (b) Phages<br />(c) Prions (d) Prophages<br />4. Which one of the following is involved in self-splicing of introns in<br />Tetrahymena thermophile?<br />(a) Primase (b) Ribozyme<br />(c) Reverse transcriptase (d) RNA polymerase<br />5. Which one of the following plasmid vectors was consrtucted by combining<br />centomere, telomere and autonomously replicating sequence?<br />(a) pBR 322 (b) Cosmid<br />(c) Yeast Artificial Chromosome (pYAC)<br />(d) Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC)<br />6. Which one of the following increases the frequency of Agrobacterium<br />mediated genetic transformation?<br />(a) ASGorbic acid (b) Acetosyringone<br />(c) Aflatoxin (d) Abscisic acid<br />7. The most commonly used method of choice for gene transfer using immature<br />embryos as explants is<br />(a) Microprojectile (b) Electroporation<br />(c) Liposome mediated (d) Chemically stimulated<br />8. A pericentric inversion in chromosome involves<br />(a) One arm of a chromosome (b) Both the arms of a chromosome<br />(c) Two different chromosomes (d) More than two chromosomes<br />9. A red or orange dye used in dyeing silks is obtained from the pulp that<br />surrounds the seeds of<br />(a) Semecarpus anacardium (b) Emblica officinalis.<br />(c) Bixa orellana (d) Aegle marmelos<br />10. Development of embryo from gametophute without the intervention of the<br />gamete is known as<br />(a) Apospory (b) Apogamy<br />(c) Apomixis (d) Aposporogamy<br />11. The most common ionising radiation used for mutation in plant<br />improvement programme is<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />(a) X-rays (b) UV-rays<br />(c) Gama-rays (d) Protons<br />12. Who of the following made the first successful genetic transformation?<br />(a) Boyer and Cohen (b) H. Smith<br />(c) Nirenberg and Khorana (d) S.B. Weiss<br />13. Which one of the following is not a thermo stable enzyme?<br />(a) Taq DNA polymerase (b) RNA polymerase<br />(c) Pfu DNA polymerase (d) Vent polymerase<br />14. Microtubules are cylindrical structures having a and f3 tubulin proteins.<br />They are the constituents of which one of the following groups?<br />(a) Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nucleoid, Nuclear membrane<br />(b) Centromere, Spindle fibres, Flagella, Cilia<br />(c) Mitochondria, Lysosome, Chloroplast, Golgi apparatus<br />(d) Chromosome, Chromo centre, Chromatid, Chromatin<br />15. With reference to the inhibition of protein synthesis by antibiotics, consider<br />the following statemen.ts :<br />1. Chloramphenicol blocks initiation of transcription in prokaryotes.<br />2. Rifamycin inhibits the elongation of polypeptide chain in prokaryotes.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) 1 only (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />16. Consider the following statements:<br />1. Transfer RNA contains a number of rare bases that are not found in other<br />nucleic acids.<br />2. During translation, the frame shift errors many times result in the synthesis of<br />very useful proteins.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) 1 only (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />17. Consider the following statements:<br />1. The eukaryotic mRNAs are metabolically more stable than the prokaryotic<br />mRNAs.<br />2. The mRNAs of most prokaryotes are polycistronic, but the mRNAs of<br />eukaryotes are monocistronic.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) 1 only (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />18. Consider the following statements:<br />In the phenomenon of photoperiodic induction to flowering,<br />1. the sites of perception for night length are young leaves.<br />2. the sites of response i.e., apical meristem, must be illuminated for flowering<br />to take place.<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) I only (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />19. Consider the following statements:<br />1. The seed of pea is albuminous.<br />2. The fruit of peach is drupe.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) 1 only (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both I and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />20. Match List I (Disease) with List II (Causal Organism) and select the correct<br />answer using the code given below the lists:<br />List I<br />A. Blast disease of rice 1. Ustilago nuda<br />B. Loose smut of wheat 2. Xanthomonas malvacearum<br />C. Black arm of cotton 3. Ustilago scitaminae<br />D. Whip smut of sugarcane 4. Pyricularia oryzae<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) 4 1 2 3 (b) 3 4 1 2<br />(c) 4 2 1 3 (d) 3 1 4 2<br />21. Consider the following:<br />1. Bacillus subtilis 2. Trichoderma viride<br />3. Erysiphe graminis 4. Septoria glycines<br />Which of the above antagonistic organisms is/are capable of suppressing plant<br />disease?<br />(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3<br />(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1 only<br />22. Which one of the following statements is not correct?<br />(a) The bunt of rice is found only in southern India.<br />(b) The pathogen of the stem rot of rice belongs to Deuteromycetes.<br />(c) The blast disease of rice affects the crop in all stages<br />(d) In the brown spot disease of rice all parts of the plant are infected except<br />roots.<br />23. Consider the following statements:<br />1. Trichoderma harzianum secretes cell wall lysing enzymes.<br />2. Bacillus penetrans is used to kill the nematode Meloidogyne sp.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct '?<br />(a) 1 only (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />24. Consider the following statements:<br />1. Anabaena lives symbiotically with Azolla<br />2. Azotobacter is a free - living organism in the soil.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />(a) 1 only. (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />25. Consider the following fungi:<br />1. Arthrobotrys oligospora<br />2. Dactylella cionopaga<br />3. Streptomyces rimosus<br />Which of these are predaceous for the biological control of nematodes in soil '?<br />(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3<br />(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3<br />26. Consider the following statements:<br />1. The Indian Board of Wildlife is headed by the Prime Minister<br />2. As per the latest 'State of Forest Report', the total forest cover in India is over<br />20% of the geographical area of the country.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) 1 only (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />27. Consider the following statements:<br />1. Most mitochondrial proteins are encoded by nuclear chromosomal DNA. .<br />2. UGA, a stop-codon for nuclear DNA is read as tryptophan in mitochondria.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) 1 only (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither I nor 2<br />28. Match List I (Institute) with List II (Location) and select the correct answer<br />using the code given below the lists:<br />List I List II<br />A. Central Tabacoo Research Institute 1. Shimla<br />B. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute 2. Jhansi<br />C. Central Potato Research Institute 3. Kamal<br />D. Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute 4. Rajahmundry<br />5. Guntur<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) 4 I 2 3 (b) 4 3 I 2<br />(c) 5 3 I 2 (d) 5 1 2 3<br />29. The Aggregate Fruit of lotus consists of fruitlets which are an aggregate of<br />(a) Achenes (b) Berries<br />(c) Drupes (d) Follicles<br />Consider the following statements:<br />1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium.<br />2. Agrobacterium tumefaciens was the first vector used for introduction of<br />foreign DNA in plant cells.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) 1 only (b) 2 only<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />31. In numerical taxonomy, the taxonom'ic entity of the lowest rank used is<br />(a) Operational taxonomic unit (b) Individual<br />(c) Lines (d) Taxon<br />32. Elaters are absent in<br />(a) Funaria (b) Marchantia<br />(c) Pe/Jia (d) Porella<br />33. Salicornia is an example of<br />(a) Epiphyte (b) Halophyte<br />(c) Mesophyte (d) Parasite<br />34. An outgrowth of the funiculus near its top is known as<br />(a) Aril (b) Baculum<br />(c) Caruncle (d) Epiblast<br />35. Which one of the following gymnosperms reproduces both vegetatively as<br />well as sexually?<br />(a) Cycas (b) Cedrus<br />(c) Ephedra (d) Pinus<br />36. Conspicuous sporophyte with indeterminate growth is a characteristic<br />feature of<br />(a) Bryophyta (b) Tracheophyta<br />(c) Chlorophyta (d) Rhodophyta<br />37. Which one of the following structures is not found in any class of algae?<br />(a) Rhizoid and apical cell (b) Apical cell<br />(c) Embryo (d) Thalloid plant body<br />38. Consider the following statements:<br />Marchantia polymorpha<br />1. is dioecious.<br />2. possesses antheridiophores and archegoniophores.<br />3. lacks foot and seta in its sporophyte<br />4. is heterosporous.<br />Which of these statements are correct?<br />(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 and 4<br />(c) 1 and 4 (d) 2 and 3<br />39. Which one of the following species is used for the extraction of Geranium oil?<br />(a) Cymba pagan flexuosus<br />(b) Pelargonium groveolens<br />(c) Rosa damascena<br />(d) Schleichera trijuga<br />40. Which one of the following is a rod-shaped bacterium?<br />(a) Bacillus subtilis<br />(b) Pneumococcus pneumoniae<br />(c) Streptococcus nigricans<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />(d) Vibrio cholera<br />41. In the gametophytic type of self - incompatibility, which of the following<br />crosses would not be compatible?<br />(a) S1S3 x S1S4 (b) S1S4 x S2S3<br />(c) S1S3 x S1S3 (d) S2S4 x S1S4<br />42. The objective of bud pollination, in which mature pollen is applied to<br />immature non-receptive stigms generally 1 to 3 days prior to anthesis, is to<br />(a) Hasten the maturity of pollinated stigma<br />(b) Increase the viability period of pollen applied<br />(c) Promote cross-pollination between related species<br />(d) Overcome self-incompatibility<br />43. Consider the following with reference to sporophytic (SSI) or gametophytic<br />(GSI) self-incompatibility systems:<br />1. SSI - 3 celled pollen, rejection reaction on the stigma.<br />2. GSI - 2 celled pollen, rejection reaction in the style. SSI - 2 celled pollen,<br />rejection reaction in the style.<br />3. GSI - 3 celled pollen, rejection reaction on the stigma.<br />Which of these features are correct in the case of sporophytic or gametophytic<br />self - incompatibility systems?<br />(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3<br />(c) 2 and 4 (d) 3 and 4<br />44. Seed dormancy can be broken by exposure to red light in<br />(a) Lettuce (b) Pea<br />(c) Tomato (d) Onion<br />45. Which one of the following phytohormones is known to contribute to hud<br />dormancy?<br />(a) Ehtylene (b) Coumarin<br />(c) Cytokinin (d) ABA<br />46. In cereals, which one of the following kinds of leaves plays a key role in the<br />supply of photosynthates to the developing grain?<br />(a) Young leaves (b) Mature leaves<br />(c) Flag leaves (d) Scale leaves<br />47. Perisperm is a post-fertilization modification of<br />(a) Nucellus (b) Outer integument<br />(c). Central cell (d) Inner integument<br />48. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?<br />(a) Pistia Sciophyte<br />(b) Lemna Xerophyte<br />(c) Rhizophora Halophyte<br />(d) Casuarina Hydophyte<br />49. Match List I (Mangrove) with List Ii (State) and select the correct answer<br />using the code given below the lists:<br />List I List II<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />A. Bhitarkanika 1. Karnataka<br />B. Coondapur 2. Kerala<br />C. Pichavaram 3. Orissa<br />D. Vembanad 4. Tamilnadu<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) 3 I 4 2 (a) 3 4 1 2<br />(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 2 1 4 3<br />50. Which one of the is a fatty acid polyester?<br />(a) Agar (b) Lignin<br />(c) Pectin (d) Suberin<br />51. Consider the following statements:<br />1. Bacterial DNA is not bound by histones.<br />2. Cycloheximide inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct ')<br />(a) 1 only (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />52. Match List I (Plant) with List II (Family) and select the correct answer using<br />the code given below the Lists:<br />List I List II<br />A. Coffee 1. Orchidaceae<br />B. Chocolate 2. Papavaraceae<br />C. Opium 3. Rubiaceae<br />D. Vanilla 4. Sterculiaceae<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 1 2 4 3<br />(c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 3 4 2 1<br />53. The maturation of anthers and stigmas at times in the same flower is known<br />as<br />(a) Herkogamy (b) Cleistogamy<br />(c) Chasmogamy (d) Dichogamy<br />54. In photorespiration, RuBP carboxylase combines with oxygen to yield<br />(a) Two molecules of phosphoglycerate<br />(b) Two molecules of phosphoglycolate<br />(c) One molecule of phosphoglycerate and one molecule of phosphoglycolate<br />(d) Two molecules of glucose<br />55. Match List I (Colloquial Name) with List H (Plant) and select the correct<br />answer using the code given below the Lists:<br />List I List II<br />A. Adder's tongues 1. Lycopodium<br />B. Horse tails 2. Sphagnum<br />C. Club moss 3. Ophioglossum<br />D. Bog moss 4. Equisetum<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) 3 4 1 2 (b) 3 1 4 2<br />(c) 2 1 4 3 (d) 2 4 1 3<br />Directions: The following six (6) items consist of two statement, one labeled as<br />'Assertion (A)' and the other as 'Reason (R)'. You are to examine these two<br />statements carefully and select the answers to these items using the code given<br />below:<br />(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A<br />(b) Both A and R are individually true and R is not the correct explanation of A<br />(c) A is true but R is false<br />(d) A is false but R is true Assertion<br />56. Assertion (A): Tissues removed from crown gall tumours can be grown in<br />culture without the addition of auxin and cytokinin.<br />Reason (R): The bacterial plasmid contains the genes for the synthesis of plant<br />auxin and cytokinin.<br />57. Assertion (A): Lateral buds close to the shoot apex remain dormant while those<br />some distance below the apical meristem develop into shoots.<br />Reason (R): Apical shoot meristems and young leaves are the centres of IAA<br />synthesis.<br />58. Assertion (A): Some plant species grow poorly in nature if the soil fungi are<br />killed with a fungicide.<br />Reason (R): The mycorrhizal fungi transport nitrate into the plant and receive<br />phosphate in return.<br />59. Assertion (A): New characters are evolved in homogenous population due to<br />organism-environmental interaction.<br />Reason (R): Homogenous populations are prone to genetic mutations.<br />60. Assertion (A): Folding and rolling movements in certain grasses are caused by<br />the loss of turgor in bulliform cells.<br />Reason (R): Bulliform cells are found in the horizontal rows in the leaf<br />epidermis.<br />61. Assertion (A): Self-incompatibility is not an absolute phenomenon.<br />Reason (R): Even highly self-incompatible species can be self-pollinated by one<br />stratagem or another.<br />62. Which one of the following correctly represents 'Homoplastic' condition?<br />(a) Similar characters of two or more taxa resulting from convergent or parallel<br />evolution.<br />(b) Descent of two or more taxa from a recent common ancestor.<br />(c) Similar characters observed in different individuals of the same population.<br />(d) Development of different organs from the undifferentiated callus during the<br />course of somatic tissue culture<br />63. The evolution of cultivated cotton is an example of<br />(a) Distant hybridization and polyploidy<br />(b) Diploidization of sterile F 1<br />(c) lntergeneric hybridization and polyploidy<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />(d) Interspecific hybridization and polyploidy<br />64. The spontaneous mutations in nature are mostly<br />(a) Recessive and lethal<br />(b) Dominant and beneficial<br />(c) Dominant and lethal<br />(d) Recessive and beneficial<br />65. When individuals of F1 progeny backcross with either of the parents than by<br />mating with each other, the process is called<br />(a) Interprogeny hybridization<br />(b) Interpopulation hybridization<br />(c) Introgressive hybridization<br />(d) Syfnpatric hybridization<br />66. Periderm includes<br />(a) Phelloderm, collenchyma and cortex<br />(b) Phellem, cambium and cortex<br />(c) All the tissues between epidermis and pith<br />(d) Phellogen, phellem and phelloderm<br />67. Automaticillly typified names of suborders end in<br />(a) -ales (b) -ineae<br />(c) -oideae (d) -eae<br />68. A transitional form between tracheid and libriform fibre is termed as<br />(a) Bast fibre (b) Septate fibre<br />(c) Fibre-sclereid (d) Fibre-tracheid<br />69. Vertically elongated cells in the lateral meristem producing axial system in<br />the secondary xylem and pholem are known as<br />(a) Fusiform initials (b) Cambiform cells<br />(c) Phellogen cells (d) Ray initials<br />70. Consider the following:<br />1. Hydathodes 2. Salt glands<br />3. Nectaries 4. Lenticels<br />Which of these are secretory structures?<br />(a) I, 2 and 4 (b) 3 and 4<br />(c) 1, 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<br />71. The family in which members show transition from superior to inferior<br />ovary is<br />(a) Asteraceae (b) Commelinaceae<br />(c) Papilionaceae (d) Rosaceae<br />72. In the root apex, that meristem from which the root cap develops<br />independently of all other initials of the apical meristem is known as<br />(a) Calyptrogen (b) Casparian strip<br />(c) Columella (d) Corpus<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />73. Consider the following statements:<br />Nomenclature for a taxon is necessary because<br />1. vernacular names are not universal.<br />2. two or more unrelated species are known by the same common name.<br />3. vernacular names do not provide information on generic relationship.<br />4. vernacular names are not available for all the species. Which of these<br />statements are correct?<br />(a) I and 2 (b) 3 and 4<br />(c) I, 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4<br />74. The taxonomic category 'Class' is between<br />(a) Order and Family (b) Order and Genus<br />(c) Kingdom and Phylum (d) Division and Order<br />75. When the generic name and the specific epithet, in a binomial have exactly<br />the same spelling, the binomial is known as<br />(a) Autonym (b) Basionym<br />(c) Synonym (d) Tautonym<br />76. Besides Orchidaceae, pollinia are also found in<br />(a) Asclepiadaceae (b) Bignoniaceae<br />(c) Poaceae (d) Scrophulariaceae<br />77. The most primitive type of stamens are found in<br />(a) Degeneria (b) Lilium<br />(c) Papaver (d) Solanum<br />78. Match List I (Stain with List II (Cellular Part) and select the correct answer<br />using the code given below the lists:<br />List I List II<br />A. Toluidine blue 1. Fats<br />B. Safranin 2. Lignin<br />C. Cotton blue 3. RNA<br />D. Osmium tetroxide 4. Fungal hyphae<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) I 2 4 3 (b) 3 2 4 1<br />(c) 3 4 2 1 (d) 1 4 2 3<br />79. Which one of the following tracer elements can be incorporated in both<br />DNA and RNA?<br />(a) 14C - Guanine (b) 14C - Uracil<br />(c) 3H - Cytosine (d) 3H - Thymidine<br />80. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?<br />Name of plant Part used in vegetative reproduction<br />(a) Adiantum caudatum: Sub-aerial root<br />(b) Chrysanthemum: Sub-aerial stem<br />(c) Pineapple: Reproduction bud at the end of inflorescence<br />(d) Kalanchoe: Adventitious buds from the leaf<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />81. The fixation of CO2 to malate and its decarboxylation are common to both<br />C4 and CAM plants, but in CAM plants these events<br />(a) Are separated spatially<br />(b) Are separated temporally<br />(c) Require high light intensity<br />(d) Require high CO2 concentration<br />82. What is the primary acceptor of CO2 in Hatch-Slack cycle?<br />(a) Phosphoenol pyruvic acid<br />(b) Ribulose biphosphate<br />(c) Phosphoglyceric acid<br />(d) Diphosphoglyceric acid<br />83. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?<br />Drug Part of the plant giving the drug<br />(a) Colchicin: Bulb<br />(b) Digitoxin: Leaves<br />(c) Ephedrin: Entire plant<br />(d) Cocaine: Roots<br />84. A universal hydrogen acceptor in an electron transport system is<br />(a) ATP (b) UDP<br />(c) NAD (d) FMN<br />85. Consider the following:<br />1. Succinic dehydrogenase<br />2. Aconitase<br />3. alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase<br />4. Isocitric dehydrogenase<br />What is the correct order in which the above enzymes catalyse the reactions in<br />Kreb's cycle?<br />(a) I - 2 - J - 4 (b) 2 - 4 - I - 3<br />(c) 3 - 2 - 4 - I (d) 2 - 4 - 3 - I<br />86. Consider the following enzymes:<br />1. Glutamate dehydrogenase<br />2. Glutamine synthetase<br />3. Glutamate synthase<br />Which of these are concerned with ammonia assimilation?<br />(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3<br />(c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3<br />87. In all the nitrogren-fixers, the enzyme nitrogenase, that helps in the transfer<br />of electrons from NADH to N=N, is located inside a thick protective covering<br />because this protective covering<br />(a) Regulates the supply of oxygen<br />(b) Provides an anaerobic atmosphere protecting the enzyme from oxidation<br />(c) Acts as an oxygen scavenger<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />(d) Regulates the supply of sugars for anaerobic oxidation<br />88. Consider the following organisms:<br />1. Clostridium pasteurianum<br />2. Klebsiella pneumoniae<br />3. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans<br />Which of the above are free living nitrogen fixing organisms?<br />(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3<br />(c) I and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3<br />89. The increases respiration rate due specifically to anion uptake is called<br />(a) Salt respiration (b) Active absorption<br />(c) Exchange absorption (d) Ground respiration<br />90. Match List I (Scientist) with List II (Isotope Used,) and select the correct<br />answer using the code given below the lists:<br />List I List II<br />A. Calvin 1. 180<br />B. Ruben and Kamen 2. 32p<br />C. Volkin and Astrachan 3. 14C<br />D. Meselson and Stahl 4. 15 N<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) 3 2 I 4 (b) 4 I 2 3<br />(c) 4 2 I 3 (d) 3 I 2 4<br />91. Which one of the following pairs is not matched?<br />(a) Copper: Plasticyanin<br />(b) Sulphur: Serine<br />(c) Molybdenum: Nitrate reductase<br />(d) Zinc: Alcohol dehydrogenase<br />92. Addition of KCN reduces the rate of water absorption in the root. This<br />indicates that water absorption is a/an<br />(a) Passive process<br />(b) Energy dependent process<br />(c) Osmotic difference, dependent process<br />(d) Exchange diffusion process<br />93. Consider the following events involved in stomatal opening:<br />1. Turgor pressure of guard cells increases.<br />2. K+ ions move into guard cells.<br />3. pH of guard cells decreases.<br />4. Water moves into guard cells.<br />What is the correct sequence of these events leading to stomatal opening:<br />(a) 2 - 4 - 3 – I (b) 3 - 2 - 4 - I<br />(c) 2 - 3 - 4 - I (d) 3 - I - 2 - 4<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />94. Match List I (Life form) with List II (Means of Surviving the Stess) and<br />select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:<br />List I List II<br />A Chamaephytes 1. Buds are underground on rhizomes, bulbs, corms<br />B. Geophytes 2. Buds are located at the surface of soil, protected<br />by leaf and stem bases<br />C. Hemicryptophytes 3. Annual life span; survive the stress as seeds<br />D. Therophytes 4. Buds are locate a above ground, but low enough<br />not to be exposed to strong winds<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) 3 2 I 4 (b) 3 1 2 4<br />(c) 4 I 2 3 (d) 4 2 I 3<br />95. Which one of the following is popularly associated with the name of Justus<br />Liebig?<br />(a) Law of the Minimum (b) Law of Tolerance<br />(c) Ecological Niche (d) Speciation<br />96. Which one of the following ecological pyramids is always upright?<br />(a) Pyramid of numbers<br />(b) Pyramid of biomass<br />(c) Pyramid of energy<br />(d) Age pyramid of plant populations<br />97. The oil of which one of the following plants is edible and rich in poly<br />unsaturated fatty acids?<br />(a) Aleurites fordii (b) Cocos nucifera<br />(c) Carthamus tinctorius (d) Ricinus communis<br />98. Match List I (Plant) withList II (Use) and select the correct answer using the<br />code given below the lists:<br />List I List II<br />A Annas cosmosus 1. Fibre<br />B. Dolichos biflorus 2. Oil<br />C. Elaeis guinensis 3. Pulse<br />D. Manihot glaziovii 4. Rubber<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 1 3 2 4<br />(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 2 3 1<br />99. Which one of the following is used for pulp bleaching in the paper industry ?<br />(a) Mild sulphuric acid (b) Glucose isomerase<br />(c) Chloroflurocarbon (d) Chlorine and water<br />100. Somaclonal variation can be advantageous because<br />(a) There are cheomosomal abnormalities<br />(b) Monosomics are produced<br />(c) Enrichment of genetic diversity occurs<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />(d) It gives high genetic uniformity<br />101. Consider the following statments :<br />1. The first living organisms on planet Earth originated in water.<br />2. When life originated on planet Earth, the atmosphere contained nitrogen,<br />ammonia, ozone, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour.<br />Which of the statements given above is/are correct?<br />(a) 1 only (b) 2 only<br />(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2<br />102. In crop improvement programmes, haploids are of great importance<br />because they<br />(a) Grow better even under adverse climatic conditions (b)Are useful in studies<br />of meiosis.<br />(c) Have less requirement for energy inputs<br />(d) Give homozygous lines following diploidization<br />103. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?<br />(a) Production of sulphur dioxide: Burning of coal<br />(b) Depletion of ozone layer: Release of chlorofluorocarbons in the<br />atmosphere<br />(c) Eutrophication: Increase in nitrogen and phosphorus<br />contents in aquatic bodies<br />(d) Decrease in B.O.D. of pond water: Increase in global temperature<br />104. The National Wasteland Development Board now renamed Department of<br />Land Resources is under the Union Ministry of<br />(a) Agriculture (b) Environment and Forests<br />(c) Planning (d) Rural Development<br />105. Which one of the following was the objective of signing the 'Montreal<br />Protocol?<br />(a) Protection of Wildlife<br />(b) Protection of ozone layer<br />(c) Control over the use of insecticides<br />(d) Control of noise pollution<br />106. Which one of the following is correct to measure l3-diversity ?<br />(a) Species richness within an ecosystem<br />(b) Species evenness equitability<br />(c) Degree of change in species composition along an environmental gradient<br />(d) Species diversity of several habitats in a large geographical region<br />107. The number of individuals in each population that can live in a particular<br />ecosystem is limited; and that number is known as .<br />(a) Biotic potential<br />(b) Carrying capacity<br />(c) Intrinsic natural increase<br />(d) Reproductive capacity<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />108. Consider the following codons:<br />1. UAA 2. UAC<br />3. UAG<br />Which of these are considered to be the termination codons in protein synthesis?<br />(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2<br />(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3<br />109. The function of 'reverse transcriptase' is to<br />(a) Transcribe a complementary DNA from an RNA strand<br />(b) Transcribe a complementary RNA from an RNA strand<br />(c) Translate messages for protein synthesis<br />(d) Replicate DNA from a DNA strand<br />110. Match List I (Scientist) with List II (Associated With) and select the correct<br />answer using the code given below the lists:<br />List I List II<br />A. Garner and Allard 1. Vernalisation<br />B. Gregory and Purvis 2. Physiological clocks<br />C. Chailakhyan 3. Photoperiodism<br />D. Bunning 4. Florigen concept<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) 2 4 I 3 (b) 2 I 4 3<br />(c) 3 4 I 2 (d) 3 I 4 2<br />111. The shoot branching depends upon the development of axillary buds, but<br />many of the buds in axillary position never grow out due to the<br />(a) Inhibitory factor present in the axillary bud<br />(b) Inhibitory factor present in the apical bud<br />(c) Interaction of factors present in both the axillary & apical bud<br />(d) Inhibition under genetic control<br />112. Consider the following statements:<br />1. Anabasine 2. Anthocyanins<br />3. Betanidin<br />Which of these are coloured flavonoids?<br />(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3<br />(c) 1 and 3 (d) I, 2 and 3<br />113. Growth of the pollen tube occurs<br />(a) Over its entire length<br />(b) At apical and subapical zones<br />(c) At'apical zone only<br />(d) At subapical zone only<br />http://www.civilserviceindia.com<br />114. Apospory is the development of an offspring from the<br />(a) Cell of nucellus<br />(b) Synergids or antipodals<br />(c) Haploid female gamete<br />(d) Haploid microspore<br />115. In which type of tapetum do the pro top lasts of tapetal cells mix or fuse and<br />surround the developing microscopes in the anther?<br />(a) Glandular tapetum (b) Secretory tapetum<br />(c) Amoeboid tapetum (d) Dual tapetum<br />116. Which one of the following shows the last diploid stage in the life cycle of<br />angiosperms?<br />(a) Microspore mother cell (b) Zygote<br />(c) Nucellus (d) Pollen grain<br />117. Match List I (Phenomenon) with List II (Scientist) and I select the correct<br />answer using the code given below I the lists:<br />List I List II<br />A. Fertilization 1. Treub<br />B. Triple fusion 2. Camerarius<br />C. Pollination 3. Strasburger<br />D. Chalazogamy 4. Nawaschin<br />A B C D A B C D<br />(a) 1 2 4 3 (b) 3 4 2 1<br />(c) 3 2 4 I (d) I 4 2 3<br />118. The fertilization in which the entry of pollen tube into the ovule through the<br />funiculus is known as<br />(a) Acrogamy (b) Chalazogamy<br />(c) Mesogamy (d) Porogamy<br />119. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?<br />(a) Britten and Davidson: Gene regulation in eukaryotes<br />(b) Hershey and Chase: DNA as the hereditary material<br />(c) Feulgen and Rossenbeck: Localization of DNA in chromosomes<br />(d) Bateson and Punnet: Replication of DNA<br />120. Which one of the following plants is pollinated by bat?<br />(a) Bombax ceiba (b) Calotropis procera<br />(c) Mucuna gigantean (d) Nicotiana glauca<br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Anamikahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10577363195609074418noreply@blogger.com0